Cataracts are a clouding of the eye's natural lens, leading to blurred vision and difficulties with light. They develop gradually, often as a result of aging, and can affect one or both eyes.

The retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, crucial for processing visual information and sending it to the brain. Damage to the retina can impair vision and lead to blindness if untreated.

The cornea is the transparent, dome-shaped outer layer covering the front of the eye. It plays a vital role in focusing light onto the retina, allowing clear visio

Refractive error occurs when the eye cannot properly focus light on the retina, leading to blurred vision. Common types include myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.